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Alîkarî:IPA/rûsî

Ji Wîkîpediya, ensîklopediya azad.
Dengdêr
Tundrew Nerm
IPA Nimûne Bilêvkirina îngilîzî IPA Nimûne Bilêvkirina îngilîzî
b бок; апде́йт[1] boot бе́лый beautiful
d дать; футбо́л[1] do де́ло; ходьба́; жени́тьба[1] dew (UK)
dz[2] плацда́рм[1] lads [2] начди́в; дочь бы[1] jig
dzʲ[2] дзюдо́[3] lad's young
f фо́рма; вы́ставка;[1] бо́ров[4] fool фина́л; верфь; кровь[4] few
ɡ год;[5][6] анекдо́т[1] goo ɡʲ геро́й argue
ɣ Го́споди; ага́;[5] Бог даст; дух бодр[1] navbera home û goo ɣʲ трёхдне́вный; други́х де́вушек[1] navbera argue û yes
N/A j есть [je-]; ёж [jɵ-]; юг [ju-]; я [ja]; майо́р[7] yes
k кость; бе́гство;[1] флаг[4] scar кино́; секью́рити skew
l луна́[8] pill лес; боль lean
m мы́ло moot мя́со; семь mute
n нос noon нёс; день; ко́нчик[9] newt
p под; ры́бка;[1] зуб[4] span пе́пел; цепь; зыбь[4] spew
r раз hejandin û trîllkirin a "r" wek spanî ряд; зверь hejandin û trîllkirin a "r" wek spanî
s соба́ка; ска́зка;[1] глаз[4] soup си́ний; здесь; есть; грызть;[1] резь[4] assume
ʂ широ́кий; кни́жка;[1] муж;[4] что[10] rush ɕː щека́; счита́ть; мужчи́на[1][11] wish sheep
t то; во́дка;[1] лёд[4] stand тень; дитя́; путь; грудь[4] stew (UK)
ts[2] цена́; нра́виться cats [2] чай; течь chip
tsʲ[2] Цю́рих[3] cat's young
v вы; его́;[6] афга́н[1] voodoo весь; вью́га view
x ход; Бог[5] loch; ugh хи́трый; Хью́стон; лёгкий[5] huge
z зуб; сбор[1] zoo зима́; резьба́; жизнь; про́сьба[1] presume
ʐ жест; волшба́[1] rouge ʑː по́зже;[12] вещдо́к[1] prestige genre
Dengdêrên stresî
[-nerm] [+nerm]
IPA Nimûne Bilêvkirina îngilîzî IPA Nimûne Bilêvkirina îngilîzî
a трава́ father æ пять; ча́сть[13] pat (US)
ɛ жест; э́тот met e пень; э́тика[13] mace
ɨ ты; ши́шка; с и́грами roses (for some dialects) i ли́ния; и́ли meet
o о́блако; шёпот chore ɵ тётя; плечо́[13] foot
u пу́ля cool ʉ чуть; лю́ди[13] choose
Dengdêren bê-stresî
[-nerm] [+nerm]
IPA Nimûne Bilêvkirina îngilîzî IPA Nimûne Bilêvkirina îngilîzî
ə ко́жа; о́блако; се́рдце; собира́ть[14] about ə во́ля; сего́дня; ку́ча[15] lasagna
ɐ облака́; како́й; сообража́ть; тропа́[14] bud ɪ лиса́; четы́ре; тяжёлый; де́вять; часы́[16] bit
ɛ тетра́эдр; поэте́сса[17] met
ɨ дыша́ть; жена́; во́ды; эта́п; к Ива́ну roses
o ра́дио; поэте́сса[17] chore ɵ ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст[13][18] foot
ʊ мужчи́на pull ʉ чуде́сный; люби́ть[13] youth
Segmena Jorîn
IPA Nimûne Daxûyanî
ˈ четы́ре [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] Nîşana stresê, li ber tîpa xêzkirî tê danîn
ː сза́ди [ˈzːadʲɪ][1] Nîşana dirêjahiya dengdêrê, li dû gemînasyona dengdêran tê danîn
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
  2. ^ a b c d e f The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] (and their voiced counterparts [dz] and [dʑ]) are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ] ([d͡z] and [d͡ʑ]). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
  3. ^ a b Even though /ts/ and its voicing [dz] are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
  5. ^ a b c d г⟩ is usually pronounced [[[
    en:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]] or (word-finally) [[[
    en:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Го́споди and Бог, and in the interjections ага́, ого́, го́споди, ей-бо́гу, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [[[
    en:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]] (soft [[[
    en:Voiced post-palatal fricative|ɣʲ]]], devoiced [[[
    en:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]] and [[[
    en:Voiceless post-palatal fricative|xʲ]]]) throughout.
  6. ^ a b Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (сего́дня, сего́дняшний, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).
  7. ^ The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ё, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ё⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
  8. ^ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [[[
    en:Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|ɫ]]], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
  9. ^ Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
  10. ^ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
  11. ^ щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
  12. ^ Geminated [[[
    en:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐː]]] is pronounced as soft [[[
    en:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑː]]], the voiced counterpart to [[[
    en:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕː]]], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
  13. ^ a b c d e f Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
  14. ^ a b Unstressed /a/ and /o/ regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced [ɐ] in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and [ə] in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to [ɐ] only immediately before the stress, being realized [ə] otherwise.
  15. ^ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
  16. ^ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.[çavkanî hewce ye]
  17. ^ a b In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
  18. ^ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in words of foreign origin.